D Pharmacy 1st Year Question Paper 2018

The article provides a comprehensive collection of questions and answers for D Pharmacy 1st-year students based on the 2018 question paper. It covers all subjects, offering a useful resource for exam preparation. Each subject includes a minimum of 20 questions, with clear answers to aid understanding and revision.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I

Question: What is the molecular weight of Sodium Chloride?

Answer: The molecular weight of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is 58.44 g/mol.

Question: Define molarity.

Answer: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Question: What is a buffer solution?

Answer: A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added.

Question: Describe the properties of acids.

Answer: Acids are substances that donate protons (H+) and have a pH less than 7.

Question: What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

Answer: A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Question: Explain the concept of oxidation and reduction.

Answer: Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.

Question: What is Avogadro’s number?

Answer: Avogadro’s number is 6.022 x 10^23, representing the number of particles in one mole of a substance.

Question: Define isotopes.

Answer: Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Question: What is the pH of a neutral solution?

Answer: The pH of a neutral solution is 7.

Question: Explain the process of titration.

Answer: Titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution.

Question: What are electrolytes?

Answer: Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, conducting electricity.

Question: Define atomic number.

Answer: The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Question: What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

Answer: A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution.

Question: Describe the concept of a mole in chemistry.

Answer: A mole is a unit that represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles of a substance.

Question: What is the significance of the periodic table?

Answer: The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic number and properties.

Question: Explain the law of conservation of mass.

Answer: The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Question: What are covalent bonds?

Answer: Covalent bonds are chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question: Define ionization energy.

Answer: Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state.

Question: What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?

Answer: Endothermic reactions absorb heat, while exothermic reactions release heat.

Question: Describe the structure of the atom.

Answer: An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbitals.

Pharmaceutics-I

Question: What is the role of a pharmacist?

Answer: A pharmacist is responsible for dispensing medications and providing information on their proper use.

Question: Define pharmaceutics.

Answer: Pharmaceutics is the science of preparing and dispensing drugs.

Question: What is the purpose of dosage forms?

Answer: Dosage forms are designed to deliver the drug effectively and safely to the body.

Question: Explain the process of tablet manufacturing.

Answer: Tablet manufacturing involves the compression of powdered drugs into solid forms for oral administration.

Question: What are the advantages of liquid dosage forms?

Answer: Liquid dosage forms are easier to swallow and allow for flexible dosing.

Question: Describe the role of excipients in pharmaceutical formulations.

Answer: Excipients are inactive substances used to give shape, stability, and ease of administration to the drug.

Question: What is sterilization?

Answer: Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life from a substance or surface.

Question: Define bioavailability.

Answer: Bioavailability is the proportion of a drug that enters the bloodstream and has an active effect.

Question: What is the significance of drug stability?

Answer: Drug stability ensures that a drug maintains its potency and safety throughout its shelf life.

Question: Explain the concept of pharmacokinetics.

Answer: Pharmacokinetics studies how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.

Question: What is the role of preservatives in pharmaceuticals?

Answer: Preservatives prevent the growth of microorganisms in pharmaceutical products.

Question: Define emulsion.

Answer: An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids where one is dispersed in the other in the form of small droplets.

Question: What is the difference between ointments and creams?

Answer: Ointments are semi-solid preparations with a greasy texture, while creams are semi-solid emulsions with a smoother texture.

Question: Describe the process of granulation.

Answer: Granulation is the process of forming larger particles (granules) from powders to improve flow and compressibility in tablet manufacturing.

Question: What is the importance of dissolution testing?

Answer: Dissolution testing measures how quickly and efficiently a drug is released from its dosage form.

Question: Explain the concept of controlled-release dosage forms.

Answer: Controlled-release dosage forms are designed to release the drug slowly over time, reducing the frequency of dosing.

Question: What is a suppository?

Answer: A suppository is a solid dosage form intended for insertion into body cavities, where it melts or dissolves.

Question: Define disintegration time.

Answer: Disintegration time is the time it takes for a tablet to break down into smaller fragments in the digestive tract.

Question: What is the role of a coating on tablets?

Answer: The coating on tablets protects the drug from environmental factors and masks unpleasant tastes.

Question: Describe the importance of packaging in pharmaceuticals.

Answer: Packaging protects the drug from contamination, light, and moisture, and provides information for safe use.

Pharmacognosy

Question: What is pharmacognosy?

Answer: Pharmacognosy is the study of natural products, especially plants, used as drugs.

Question: Define alkaloids.

Answer: Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds, mostly derived from plants, that have pharmacological effects.

Question: What are glycosides?

Answer: Glycosides are compounds formed from a sugar and a non-sugar substance, often with medicinal properties.

Question: Explain the significance of medicinal plants.

Answer: Medicinal plants are used for their therapeutic properties and have been a source of drugs for centuries.

Question: What is the role of tannins in plants?

Answer: Tannins are plant compounds that have astringent properties and can be used in medicine for their anti-inflammatory effects.

Question: Define essential oils.

Answer: Essential oils are volatile, aromatic oils extracted from plants, used for their therapeutic and aromatic properties.

Question: What is the difference between an infusion and a decoction?

Answer: An infusion is made by steeping plant material in hot water, while a decoction involves boiling the plant material to extract active ingredients.

Question: Describe the process of extraction in pharmacognosy.

Answer: Extraction involves separating the active ingredients from plant material using solvents to create medicinal products.

Question: What are flavonoids?

Answer: Flavonoids are a group of plant compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Question: Explain the role of resins in plants.

Answer: Resins are sticky substances produced by plants, often with antiseptic and healing properties.

Question: What is the significance of herbal medicine?

Answer: Herbal medicine uses plants and their extracts to treat illnesses and promote health.

Question: Define phytochemistry.

Answer: Phytochemistry is the study of the chemicals derived from plants and their effects on health.

Question: What are terpenoids?

Answer: Terpenoids are a large class of organic compounds produced by plants, often with strong aromatic qualities and medicinal properties.

Question: Describe the importance of quality control in herbal medicine.

Answer: Quality control ensures that herbal medicines are safe, effective, and free from contaminants.

Question: What is the role of saponins in plants?

Answer: Saponins are plant compounds that create foam when shaken in water and have various medicinal properties, including cholesterol-lowering effects.

Question: Explain the concept of standardization in herbal medicine.

Answer: Standardization ensures that herbal products contain consistent levels of active ingredients for predictable therapeutic effects.

Question: What are the uses of bitter principles in medicine?

Answer: Bitter principles are plant compounds used to stimulate appetite and digestion.

Question: Define crude drugs.

Answer: Crude drugs are natural substances used in their raw or minimally processed form for medicinal purposes.

Question: What is the role of a herbarium in pharmacognosy?

Answer: A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens used for research and reference in pharmacognosy.

Question: Explain the importance of conservation in medicinal plant use.

Answer: Conservation ensures the sustainable use of medicinal plants, preserving them for future generations.

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Question: What is the function of the heart?

Answer: The heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.

Question: Define homeostasis.

Answer: Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Question: What are neurons?

Answer: Neurons are nerve cells that transmit electrical signals in the nervous system.

Question: Explain the role of the kidneys.

Answer: The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and excess fluids, producing urine.

Question: What is the structure of a cell membrane?

Answer: The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question: Define the respiratory system.

Answer: The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

Question: What are hormones?

Answer: Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various functions in the body.

Question: Describe the function of red blood cells.

Answer: Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

Question: What is the significance of the skeletal system?

Answer: The skeletal system provides structure, protects organs, and facilitates movement in the body.

Question: Define the digestive system.

Answer: The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair.

Question: What are the functions of the liver?

Answer: The liver processes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile, and plays a role in metabolism.

Question: Explain the role of the immune system.

Answer: The immune system defends the body against infections and diseases by identifying and destroying pathogens.

Question: What is the structure of the skin?

Answer: The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, providing protection and regulating temperature.

Question: Describe the process of blood clotting.

Answer: Blood clotting is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a clot to prevent excessive bleeding.

Question: What are the components of the central nervous system?

Answer: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, controlling most functions of the body and mind.

Question: Define the endocrine system.

Answer: The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, and other bodily functions.

Question: What is the function of the pancreas?

Answer: The pancreas produces enzymes for digestion and hormones like insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.

Question: Describe the circulatory system.

Answer: The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.

Question: What is the role of the lymphatic system?

Answer: The lymphatic system helps protect the body from infections, maintains fluid balance, and removes waste from tissues.

Question: Explain the importance of the muscular system.

Answer: The muscular system allows movement, maintains posture, and generates heat in the body.