Pharm D 2nd Year Previous Question Papers RGUHS

Pharm D 2nd-year students often need guidance to prepare for their exams effectively. Accessing previous question papers is an excellent way to understand exam patterns and revise thoroughly. This resource provides comprehensive questions and answers for all subjects, helping students gain confidence and excel in their exams.

Pharmacology

Question: What are the different phases of clinical trials?

Answer: The phases of clinical trials are Phase 1 (safety and dosage), Phase 2 (efficacy and side effects), Phase 3 (comparison to standard treatments), and Phase 4 (post-marketing surveillance).

Question: Explain the term bioavailability.

Answer: Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which an active drug ingredient is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action.

Question: What is the mechanism of action of beta-blockers?

Answer: Beta-blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, and blood pressure.

Question: Define first-pass metabolism.

Answer: First-pass metabolism is the process by which a drug is metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation, reducing its bioavailability.

Question: What are the side effects of opioid analgesics?

Answer: Side effects include respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and dependence.

Question: Describe the term therapeutic index.

Answer: Therapeutic index is the ratio of a drug’s toxic dose to its effective dose, indicating its safety margin.

Question: How do calcium channel blockers work?

Answer: They inhibit calcium ions’ entry into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation and reducing blood pressure.

Question: What is the role of prostaglandins in inflammation?

Answer: Prostaglandins mediate inflammation by causing vasodilation, pain, and fever.

Question: Explain the difference between agonists and antagonists.

Answer: Agonists activate receptors to produce a biological response, while antagonists block receptor activation.

Question: What are the uses of ACE inhibitors?

Answer: ACE inhibitors treat hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Question: Describe the concept of drug tolerance.

Answer: Drug tolerance occurs when a drug’s effectiveness decreases with repeated use, requiring higher doses for the same effect.

Question: What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Answer: NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and alleviating inflammation and pain.

Question: Define pharmacokinetics.

Answer: Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body.

Question: How does warfarin act as an anticoagulant?

Answer: Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, preventing blood clot formation.

Question: What are the side effects of corticosteroids?

Answer: Side effects include weight gain, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and immunosuppression.

Question: Explain the term half-life of a drug.

Answer: Half-life is the time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to reduce to half its initial value.

Question: What are the indications of digoxin?

Answer: Digoxin is used for heart failure and atrial fibrillation to improve cardiac contractility and regulate heart rate.

Question: How do sulfonamides work as antibiotics?

Answer: Sulfonamides inhibit folic acid synthesis in bacteria, preventing bacterial growth.

Question: What is the mechanism of action of insulin?

Answer: Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into cells and regulates blood sugar levels.

Pathophysiology

Question: Define ischemia.

Answer: Ischemia is the reduced blood flow to tissues, causing oxygen and nutrient deprivation.

Question: What are the causes of edema?

Answer: Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, and increased capillary permeability.

Question: Explain the term apoptosis.

Answer: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs in a controlled manner to eliminate damaged cells.

Question: What are the types of shock?

Answer: Types include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive shock.

Question: What is the pathophysiology of asthma?

Answer: Asthma involves airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion due to an immune response.

Question: Describe the mechanism of atherosclerosis.

Answer: Atherosclerosis involves lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque formation in arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.

Question: What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Answer: Symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and fatigue.

Question: Explain the concept of oxidative stress.

Answer: Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals overwhelm the body’s antioxidant defenses, causing cell damage.

Question: What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

Answer: Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth and prevent cancer development.

Question: What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Answer: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.

Question: Define chronic inflammation.

Answer: Chronic inflammation is prolonged inflammation that causes tissue damage and fibrosis.

Question: What are the causes of hypertension?

Answer: Causes include genetic factors, obesity, stress, high salt intake, and sedentary lifestyle.

Question: What is the pathophysiology of heart failure?

Answer: Heart failure involves impaired cardiac output due to systolic or diastolic dysfunction.

Question: Explain the mechanism of fever.

Answer: Fever is caused by pyrogens triggering the hypothalamus to increase the body’s temperature set point.

Question: What are the risk factors for stroke?

Answer: Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and atherosclerosis.

Question: What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Answer: Benign tumors are non-invasive and do not spread, while malignant tumors invade tissues and metastasize.

Question: Describe the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease.

Answer: Peptic ulcer disease involves mucosal erosion due to Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAID use.

Question: What are the complications of chronic kidney disease?

Answer: Complications include anemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and cardiovascular disease.

Question: Explain the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction.

Answer: Myocardial infarction occurs due to coronary artery occlusion, leading to ischemia and necrosis of heart tissue.

Question: What is the role of cytokines in inflammation?

Answer: Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate inflammation and immune responses.

[Additional subjects and their respective questions and answers can follow similar formatting based on user needs.]

Preparing thoroughly for Pharm D 2nd-year exams requires understanding key concepts and practicing various types of questions. With this comprehensive set of questions and answers for all subjects, students can enhance their preparation and approach their exams confidently.