Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University Question Paper

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University (SGBAU) is known for offering various undergraduate and postgraduate courses in fields such as science, commerce, arts, engineering, and technology. The question papers for various subjects are designed to test students’ understanding of concepts, analytical skills, and ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios. Below are example questions and answers for several key subjects that form part of the university’s curriculum.

Computer Science

Question: Explain the concept of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
Answer: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which contain data and methods. It emphasizes concepts like inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.

Question: What is a data structure and its types?
Answer: A data structure is a method of organizing data in a way that allows for efficient access and modification. Types include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, and trees.

Question: Define polymorphism in OOP.
Answer: Polymorphism is the ability of different classes to be treated as instances of the same class through inheritance. It allows for one method to operate on objects of different types.

Question: What is a linked list?
Answer: A linked list is a linear data structure where elements are stored in nodes, and each node points to the next one, creating a sequence of linked nodes.

Question: What is recursion?
Answer: Recursion is a process where a function calls itself to solve a problem. It is commonly used for tasks like traversing trees or implementing algorithms like factorials.

Question: What is an operating system?
Answer: An operating system is a software that manages hardware resources and provides services to application software. Examples include Windows, Linux, and macOS.

Question: What is a deadlock in operating systems?
Answer: A deadlock occurs when two or more processes are blocked forever, each waiting for resources held by the other, causing the system to halt.

Question: Explain primary and foreign keys in databases.
Answer: A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table, while a foreign key is used to link two tables together.

Question: What is normalization in databases?
Answer: Normalization is the process of organizing database data to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves dividing a database into two or more tables.

Question: Define TCP/IP.
Answer: TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP handles data transmission, while IP handles addressing and routing.

Question: What is software engineering?
Answer: Software engineering is the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of software systems.

Question: What is a class in OOP?
Answer: A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines a set of attributes and methods that the objects of the class will have.

Question: What is an algorithm?
Answer: An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a task. It is a well-defined set of rules that, when followed, lead to a solution.

Question: What is inheritance in OOP?
Answer: Inheritance is an OOP concept where one class (child class) inherits properties and behaviors from another class (parent class).

Question: What is a database?
Answer: A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system.

Question: What is machine learning?
Answer: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence where computers learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed.

Question: Define Big Data.
Answer: Big Data refers to large and complex data sets that traditional data processing software cannot handle efficiently. It includes data from social media, sensors, and more.

Question: What is cloud computing?
Answer: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services like servers, storage, databases, and networking over the cloud (internet) to offer faster innovation.

Question: Explain the concept of virtualization.
Answer: Virtualization is the creation of virtual versions of physical resources like servers, storage devices, or networks, allowing multiple systems to run on a single physical system.

Question: What is a compiler?
Answer: A compiler is a program that translates source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code that a computer’s processor can execute.

Physics

Question: What is Newton’s first law of motion?
Answer: Newton’s first law of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Question: Define gravitational force.
Answer: Gravitational force is the force of attraction between two masses. The strength of the force depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them.

Question: What is the speed of light?
Answer: The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792 kilometers per second (km/s), or 186,282 miles per second.

Question: Explain the concept of work in physics.
Answer: Work is defined as the transfer of energy when a force is applied to an object, causing displacement. It is calculated by the formula Work = Force × Distance.

Question: What is kinetic energy?
Answer: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. It is calculated as KE = 0.5 × mass × velocity².

Question: Define potential energy.
Answer: Potential energy is the stored energy in an object due to its position or state. For example, an object held at a height has gravitational potential energy.

Question: What is the law of conservation of energy?
Answer: The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.

Question: What is Ohm’s Law?
Answer: Ohm’s Law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, with the formula V = IR.

Question: What is an electric circuit?
Answer: An electric circuit is a closed path through which electric current flows. It consists of components like resistors, capacitors, and power sources.

Question: Define momentum.
Answer: Momentum is the quantity of motion an object has, calculated as the product of an object’s mass and velocity.

Question: What is refraction of light?
Answer: Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in its speed.

Question: What is a wave?
Answer: A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one point to another in a medium or through space, characterized by properties like amplitude and frequency.

Question: Define sound waves.
Answer: Sound waves are mechanical waves that travel through a medium such as air, water, or solids, produced by vibrating objects.

Question: What is thermodynamics?
Answer: Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

Question: Explain the second law of thermodynamics.
Answer: The second law of thermodynamics states that in a closed system, the total entropy (disorder) will either increase or remain constant over time.

Question: What is nuclear fission?
Answer: Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.

Question: Define nuclear fusion.
Answer: Nuclear fusion is a reaction where two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process.

Question: What is the photoelectric effect?
Answer: The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material when light of sufficient energy hits its surface.

Question: Define pressure.
Answer: Pressure is the force applied per unit area. It is measured in Pascals (Pa) and can be represented as Pressure = Force ÷ Area.

Question: What is electromagnetism?
Answer: Electromagnetism is the interaction of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature.

Chemistry

Question: What is an atom?
Answer: An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. It consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Question: Define molecule.
Answer: A molecule is a group of two or more atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

Question: What is the periodic table?
Answer: The periodic table is an arrangement of chemical elements ordered by increasing atomic number, with elements that have similar properties grouped together.

Question: What is a chemical bond?
Answer: A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound. The main types are ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Question: Define acid and base.
Answer: Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, while bases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

Question: What is the pH scale?
Answer: The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are basic.

Question: What is oxidation?
Answer: Oxidation is a chemical reaction where a substance loses electrons, often associated with the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen.

Question: What is a catalyst?
Answer: A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Question: What is an electrolyte?
Answer: An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water or melted. It contains ions that move and carry charge.

Question: What is the law of conservation of mass?
Answer: The law of conservation of mass states that mass in a closed system will remain constant, meaning that mass cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.

Question: What is Avogadro’s number?
Answer: Avogadro’s number is the number of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) in one mole of a substance, approximately 6.022 × 10²³.

Question: Define chemical equilibrium.
Answer: Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions in a chemical reaction are equal, resulting in no net change in the concentration of reactants and products.

Question: What is a solution?
Answer: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another (the solvent).

Question: What is a compound?
Answer: A compound is a substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together.

Question: What is electrolysis?
Answer: Electrolysis is a chemical process that uses an electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

Question: Define allotropy.
Answer: Allotropy is the existence of two or more different physical forms of the same chemical element. For example, carbon exists as both diamond and graphite.

Question: What is a polymer?
Answer: A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. Plastics are common examples of polymers.

Question: What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?
Answer: An exothermic reaction releases energy in the form of heat, while an endothermic reaction absorbs energy from its surroundings.

Question: Define valency.
Answer: Valency is the measure of an element’s ability to combine with other atoms, reflecting the number of electrons an atom can lose, gain, or share.

Question: What is a chemical reaction?
Answer: A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted into new substances with different properties through the breaking and forming of bonds.