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Complete and Updated BPSC Syllabus in Hindi for Effective Exam Preparation

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The Bihar Public Service Commission (BPSC) conducts exams for various posts in the Bihar state government. Understanding the syllabus thoroughly is crucial for effective preparation and cracking the exam. The BPSC syllabus is extensive and includes subjects like General Studies, General Hindi, and optional subjects, depending on the specific exam or post. This article will walk you through the BPSC syllabus, focusing on what students need to know and how to prepare effectively.

Introduction to the BPSC Syllabus

The BPSC syllabus provides a roadmap for students to understand what topics and subjects will be covered in the examination. The syllabus is designed to test a candidate’s knowledge of general studies, current affairs, reasoning, and subject-specific expertise, all of which are vital for the job roles offered by the Bihar government. For each year, the syllabus may have minor changes or updates, so itтАЩs important to stay current with the latest version.

This guide will cover the syllabus for the current academic year as well as a comparison with the last five years. Let’s dive into the details.

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BPSC Syllabus Breakdown for the Current Year

1. General Studies Paper 1

This paper covers a wide range of topics, divided into several key sections. HereтАЩs a breakdown of the main units:

  • History of India and Indian National Movement: This includes the ancient, medieval, and modern history of India, covering major dynasties, freedom movements, and important historical figures. Students will need to understand the socio-political changes in Indian history.

  • Geography of India and the World: Topics include physical geography, climate, vegetation, agriculture, and the impact of global warming. You will also study the geographical setup of India and global phenomena.

  • Indian Polity and Governance: This unit focuses on the Constitution of India, the structure of the government, and the functioning of democratic institutions. Key topics include Parliament, the judiciary, and the state government systems.

  • Economic and Social Development: This section includes topics on sustainable development, poverty, social justice, and the role of various institutions like the RBI, Planning Commission, and NITI Aayog in economic development.

  • Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Climate Change: This unit focuses on environmental issues, conservation efforts, and global environmental challenges. Students should focus on international environmental conventions and the current state of biodiversity in India.

  • General Science: Questions in this section are designed to test the candidateтАЩs general understanding of science. Topics include Physics, Chemistry, and Biology in the context of daily life, including technological advancements.

  • Current Affairs: This section tests knowledge on current events in national and international politics, sports, economics, and the environment. Regular reading of newspapers and magazines will help stay updated.

2. General Studies Paper 2 (CSAT)

  • Comprehension: This part includes passages followed by questions testing reading comprehension skills.

  • Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability: Problems related to sequences, patterns, puzzles, and general reasoning. The goal is to assess the candidateтАЩs ability to analyze and solve problems.

  • Decision Making and Problem Solving: Questions in this section focus on assessing a candidate’s decision-making skills, which are critical for administrative roles.

  • Basic Numeracy and Data Interpretation: This includes simple calculations and problems involving percentages, ratios, and averages. You may also be asked to interpret graphs and data sets.

  • English Language Comprehension: It tests your ability to understand and interpret English texts, along with grammar and vocabulary.

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3. Optional Subject Paper

For this paper, candidates can choose from a range of subjects. The syllabus for each subject is vast and specific, so selecting a subject that aligns with your academic background or interests is crucial.


Examination Pattern and Marks Distribution

The BPSC exam is divided into three stages:

  1. Preliminary Exam (Objective Type)

    • General Studies Paper: 150 marks
    • CSAT (General Studies Paper 2): 150 marks (qualifying in nature)
  2. Main Exam (Written)

    • General Studies Paper 1: 200 marks
    • General Studies Paper 2: 200 marks
    • Optional Subject Paper: 200 marks each
  3. Interview

    • The interview carries 120 marks and is conducted for candidates who have qualified the written exams.

Types of Questions

  • Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs): Most of the preliminary exam consists of MCQs. It’s important to practice solving these questions with time limits.
  • Descriptive/Long Answer Questions: The main exam consists of descriptive answers, where you are expected to write in detail on specific topics.
  • Short Answer Questions: This format requires concise and precise answers.

Study Materials and Recommended Resources

To prepare effectively, here are some of the best study materials and resources for the BPSC syllabus:

  1. Books for General Studies

    • Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
    • Modern India by Bipin Chandra
    • Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh
    • Geography of India by Majid Husain
    • Environment and Ecology by Majid Husain
  2. Current Affairs

    • Read newspapers like The Hindu or The Indian Express daily.
    • Monthly current affairs magazines like Pratiyogita Darpan and Yojana are also helpful.
  3. Practice Papers and Mock Tests

    • Regularly attempt previous yearsтАЩ question papers.
    • Online mock tests and quizzes can help with time management and self-assessment.

Overview of the Last 5 YearsтАЩ Syllabi

Year 2024

The syllabus for this year remains similar to the current year’s syllabus, with a continued emphasis on General Studies and CSAT. However, the syllabus for the optional subjects has been expanded to include emerging topics in subjects like Environmental Science and Anthropology.

Year 2023

The major change in 2023 was the introduction of more case studies in the General Studies papers. A stronger focus on current affairs and contemporary issues was observed in the CSAT.

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Year 2022

In 2022, the optional subject papers saw more in-depth inclusion of contemporary global issues. There was also a rise in questions related to technological advancements in India, including the digital economy.

Year 2021

The syllabus in 2021 had a similar structure, but there was a greater focus on national issues such as rural development, health policies, and governance reforms.

Year 2020

In 2020, there were fewer questions on regional issues, and the syllabus focused more on national topics related to politics, economics, and governance.


Study Tips and Exam Preparation Strategies

  • Stay Organized: Use a study planner to manage your time effectively. Allocate time for each section of the syllabus based on its importance and your comfort level with the subject.

  • Revise Regularly: Revise important topics frequently. Make use of notes, flashcards, and mind maps to retain key concepts.

  • Focus on Previous Year Papers: Practice as many previous year papers as you can. This helps you get familiar with the question pattern and manage time during the exam.

  • Stay Updated with Current Affairs: Make current affairs a part of your daily routine. Read newspapers and magazines, and follow news channels.

  • Take Care of Your Health: Maintain a healthy lifestyle with regular breaks and a balanced diet to keep your mind sharp.

The BPSC syllabus is vast but manageable with the right strategy and resources. By understanding the structure and focusing on key areas, you can prepare effectively for the exam. Remember, consistency, regular practice, and staying up-to-date with current affairs are essential for success. Good luck with your preparation!

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FAQ for BPSC Syllabus in Hindi

рдмрд┐рд╣рд╛рд░ рд▓реЛрдХ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдЖрдпреЛрдЧ (BPSC) рдХреА рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреЛ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рд╣реА рджрд┐рд╢рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░реА рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдмреЗрд╣рдж рдЬрд░реВрд░реА рд╣реИ, рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП BPSC рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдХреЛ рд╕рдордЭрдирд╛ рдмреЗрд╣рдж рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╣реИред рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ рд╣рдо BPSC рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдХреБрдЫ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрдиреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрддреНрддрд░ рджреЗрдВрдЧреЗ, рдЬреЛ рдЙрдореНрдореАрджрд╡рд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЙрдирдХреА рддреИрдпрд╛рд░реА рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗред

1. BPSC рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ?

BPSC рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдЙрди рд╕рднреА рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдЯреЙрдкрд┐рдХреНрд╕ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддреГрдд рд╡рд┐рд╡рд░рдг рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ BPSC рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдкреВрдЫреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдирд░рд▓ рд╕реНрдЯрдбреАрдЬ, рдЬрдирд░рд▓ рд╣рд┐рдВрджреА, рдФрд░ рд╡реИрдХрд▓реНрдкрд┐рдХ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрдЧрдд рдЖрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдЯреЙрдкрд┐рдХреНрд╕ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдпрд╣ рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдЙрдореНрдореАрджрд╡рд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдпрд╣ рд╕рдордЭрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдХрд┐рд╕ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдкрд░ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рджреЗрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

2. BPSC рдХреЗ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдкреИрдЯрд░реНрди рдореЗрдВ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ?

рд╣рд░ рд╕рд╛рд▓ BPSC рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдкреИрдЯрд░реНрди рдореЗрдВ рдХреБрдЫ рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд┐ рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрдиреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рдВрдЦреНрдпрд╛, рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рдг, рдФрд░ рдЖрдВрддрд░рд┐рдХ рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ред рдЙрдореНрдореАрджрд╡рд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рдЖрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдХ BPSC рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдкрд░ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдФрд░ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдкреИрдЯрд░реНрди рдХреА рдкреБрд╖реНрдЯрд┐ рдХрд░рдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рд╡реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рдирдП рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ рд╕реЗ рдЕрд╡рдЧрдд рд░рд╣ рд╕рдХреЗрдВред

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3. BPSC рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреМрди-рдХреМрди рд╕реЗ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ?

BPSC рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рджреЛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ:

  • рдЬрдирд░рд▓ рд╕реНрдЯрдбреАрдЬ рдкреЗрдкрд░: рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐, рдЗрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рд╕, рднреВрдЧреЛрд▓, рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░рдг, рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди, рдФрд░ рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА рдЬреИрд╕реА рд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рдПрдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВред
  • рд╡реИрдХрд▓реНрдкрд┐рдХ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдкреЗрдкрд░: рдЙрдореНрдореАрджрд╡рд╛рд░ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдЬреНрдЮрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рд╡реИрдХрд▓реНрдкрд┐рдХ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдЪреБрди рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд┐ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬрд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░, рднреВрдЧреЛрд▓, рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐ рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди, рдЖрджрд┐ред

4. BPSC рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдХреМрди-рдХреМрди рд╕реЗ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдЯреЙрдкрд┐рдХреНрд╕ рд╣реИрдВ?

BPSC рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдХреБрдЫ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдЯреЙрдкрд┐рдХреНрд╕ рд╣реИрдВ:

  • рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рд╕рдВрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рди рдФрд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐
  • рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдЗрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рд╕ рдФрд░ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдЖрдВрджреЛрд▓рди
  • рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рднреВрдЧреЛрд▓ рдФрд░ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рдпреБ
  • рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдФрд░ рдкрд╛рд░рд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐рдХреА
  • рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдФрд░ рддрдХрдиреАрдХреА рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕
  • рд╕рдорд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА

рдЗрди рдЯреЙрдкрд┐рдХреНрд╕ рдХреЛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдордЭрдирд╛ рдФрд░ рдЗрди рдкрд░ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░рд┐рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреА рд╕рдлрд▓рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╣реИред

5. рдХреНрдпрд╛ BPSC рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЛрдИ рд╕рд╛рд▓рд╛рдирд╛ рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ?

рд╣рд╛рдБ, BPSC рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ-рдореЛрдЯреЗ рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ рд╣рд░ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рд╕рдорд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдорд▓реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЙрдореНрдореАрджрд╡рд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рдирд╡реАрдирддрдо рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдХреА рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕реА рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░реА рдХрд░рдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

6. BPSC рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдзреНрдпрдпрди рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХрд╣рд╛рдВ рд╕реЗ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХреА рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИ?

BPSC рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдзреНрдпрдпрди рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ, рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдкреНрд▓реЗрдЯрдлрд╛рд░реНрдореЛрдВ, рдФрд░ рдХреЛрдЪрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХреА рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИред рдХреБрдЫ рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдмреЗрдВ рд╣реИрдВ:

  • рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рд╕рдВрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рди – M. Laxmikanth
  • рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐ – Bipin Chandra
  • рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди – LucentтАЩs General Science
  • рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдФрд░ рдкрд╛рд░рд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐рдХреА – Majid Husain

рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА, рд░реЛрдЬрд╝рд╛рдирд╛ рд╕рдорд╛рдЪрд╛рд░ рдкрддреНрд░ рдкрдврд╝рдирд╛ рдФрд░ рд╕рдорд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА рдкрд░ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рджреЗрдирд╛ рднреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рд╣реИред

7. BPSC рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдХрд┐рддрдиреЗ рдкреЗрдкрд░ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ?

BPSC рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рддреАрди рдЪрд░рдг рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ:

  • рдкреНрд░рд╛рд░рдВрднрд┐рдХ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ (Objective Type): рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рджреЛ рдкреЗрдкрд░ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ – рдЬрдирд░рд▓ рд╕реНрдЯрдбреАрдЬ рдФрд░ CSAT (рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓реАрдлрд╛рдЗрдВрдЧ рдкреЗрдкрд░)ред
  • рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ (Written): рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдирд░рд▓ рд╕реНрдЯрдбреАрдЬ рдФрд░ рд╡реИрдХрд▓реНрдкрд┐рдХ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдХреЗ рдкреЗрдкрд░ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
  • рд╕рд╛рдХреНрд╖рд╛рддреНрдХрд╛рд░: рдЕрдВрддрд┐рдо рдЪрдпрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рд╛рдХреНрд╖рд╛рддреНрдХрд╛рд░ рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

8. BPSC рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреА рддреИрдпрд╛рд░реА рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЯрд┐рдкреНрд╕ рд╣реИрдВ?

  • рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдХреЛ рд╕рдордЭреЗрдВ: рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд╕рд┐рд▓реЗрдмрд╕ рдХреЛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдордЭреЗрдВ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рджрд┐рдирдЪрд░реНрдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╣рд┐рд╕рд╛рдм рд╕реЗ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЬрд┐рдд рдХрд░реЗрдВред
  • рдирд┐рдпрдорд┐рдд рдЕрдзреНрдпрдпрди рдХрд░реЗрдВ: рд░реЛрдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдкрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдЖрджрдд рдбрд╛рд▓реЗрдВ рдФрд░ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рджреЗрдВред
  • рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди рдкрддреНрд░ рд╣рд▓ рдХрд░реЗрдВ: рдкрд┐рдЫрд▓реЗ рд╡рд░реНрд╖реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди рдкрддреНрд░ рд╣рд▓ рдХрд░реЗрдВ рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрдиреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдкреИрдЯрд░реНрди рд╕рдордЭ рдореЗрдВ рдЖрдПред
  • рд╕рдордп рдкреНрд░рдмрдВрдзрди: рд╕рдордп рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╣реА рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рд╕реНрдЯрдбреА рдкреНрд▓рд╛рди рдмрдирд╛рдПрдВред
  • рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рд░рд╣реЗрдВ: рд╕рд╣реА рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рдЖрд░рд╛рдо рд╕реЗ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдФрд░ рдорд╕реНрддрд┐рд╖реНрдХ рдХреЛ рддрд╛рдЬрдЧреА рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдЧреА, рдЬреЛ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдлрд▓рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрд░реВрд░реА рд╣реИ|